Arthur Janov
Psychologist
BornAug 21, 1924 9:18 PM GMT-8
Los Angeles, CA USA [34°04'00", -118°15'00"]
Birth time source: Unconfirmed
Ayanamsa: -22°48'10"
Planets,
Signs,
Nakshatras
Lagna in Aries 9°16'07"
Aries in the Ascendant allows you to be fearless, ambitious, courageous, and eager to take initiative. An idealist by nature, you strongly want to contribute to society and you wish to change things. Routine is not for you, you like originality and fresh beginnings, and you want credit for your achievements. You create awe and radiate energy in achieving your goals, which makes others uncomfortable. You will find difficulties when dealing with women, education and expressing yourself. To obtain your highest potential, you need full freedom without restriction. Your idealism may create some contradictions. Outwardly you will be active, but inwardly lonely and frustrated. If you could be freed from mundane entanglements, you could readily attain to divine planes due to your goal-oriented and idealistic nature. Be careful of fire. You will be interested in visiting foreign places, be miserly in disposition, emaciated, not happy, jealous, stammering in speech, troubled by bilious and windy diseases and complaints of heat, be skillful in performance, timid, religious, famous, not very thoughtful and will destroy others' wealth. You will be fickle-minded, enjoy pleasures, have bad nails, be bereft of brothers, be discarded by your father and have inactive (or unlucky) children. You are endowed with various kinds of wealth and are virtuous. Your spouse will belong to a base family, be virtuous and reproached. You will derive happiness and wealth in undesirable manners. (This is a classical reading, somewhat unchanged, and is ridiculously general if taken literally, so don't take it literally. Look to the energies and tendencies indicated herein, not the literal words).
Lagna in Lunar Mansion '1 Ashwini-3'
Those born in Ashvini Nakshatra will have a beautiful countenance. The eyes will be bright and large, the forehead broad and the nose little bigger. You may appear to be very calm and quiet, but capable of getting your work done unnoticed by others.
You are very stubborn in decision. This stubbornness is more predominant in the case of a person born during the period from April 14th to April 28th, when the Sun will be transiting your exaltation place in Ashvini and from October 14th to October 28th, when the Sun will be transiting your debilitation place in Swati.
There is a saying that even Yama, the god of death, cannot change your adamant attitude. Those born in Ashvini of other months will have stubbornness in a lesser degree. You will remain faithful to those who love you and will not hesitate to sacrifice anything for such persons. Ashvini born is the best friend in need, provided others understand them. You keep your patience even at the time of greatest peril. But it will be a hurricane task to console you when you go berserk. You are the best adviser to persons in agony, but you deeply resent and fear criticism, see suggestions from others as a frightening attempt at manipulation.
You take your own time to do any work. Even so, your actions may be slow but well thought. You will not jump on any matter without examining pros and cons of each item of work. You cannot be easily influenced. Once you carry out an action or work, whether it is good or bad, right or wrong, you will stick to what you have done, come what may.
You are a firm believer of God, but there is no room for religious or other sentiments. You are orthodox but in a new style i.e., you believe in modernization of orthodox method and belief. Even though you are quite intelligent, at times you make mountains of even small matters. This leads to a lack of mental peace and a desperate sort of mood.
You are always interested in keeping the entire surroundings neat and clean. If the birth is in between 2 degree to 3 degree of Ashvini, you are very much arrogant for nothing. You may be a deceit and a smuggler. If all other combinations are good, you may have wealth but cannot enjoy it. You will bring bad name to the family.
You are jack of all trades. You are generally fond of music and interested in literary pursuit. Periods up to your 30th years of age will be full of struggle. You have to face obstacles even for small matters. From the 30th year, there will be steady and continuous progress which will continue up to 55 years of age. One of the predominant features noticed is that you are very stingy, but your expenditures will be more than your income, due mainly to your pomp and show. You are inclined to meet your desires and needs at any cost.
You love your family in entire sincerity. However, you are subjected to hatred by your own family members due to your adamant behavior. Affection that was expected and the care that was required, cannot be derived from your father. In other words, you and your siblings will be neglected by your father. Whatever help you may derive is only from the side of your maternal uncle. Maximum possible help will come from those who are outside the family circle. Normally marriage takes place between 26 to 30 years of age. There will be more sons than daughters. Your health will generally be good.
However if the birth is between 2 degree and 3 degree of Ashvini, your health will be poor. You are prone to migraine headache, heart trouble, etc. You must follow remedial measures.
Sun in Leo 6°01'02"
Some of the qualities that may describe you: mountaineer, victor, aggressive, enthusiastic, sober, talkative, rich, famous, a landlord, ambitious and can not act in subordinate position. Kind-hearted. You will destroy your adversaries, be given to anger, will perform notable acts, will wander in forests, hills and fortresses, be enthusiastic, valorous, bright in appearance, and will be formidable. You will be restive, strong in a lasting measure, talkative, be a king, be plentiful in wealth and be famous. You will be victorious over your competitors or opposing elements, are given to anger or domination, will perform notable acts and not be mediocre, will wander or go out to engagements, are not a homebody or fearful of the outside world, and are enthusiastic, valorous, bright and formidable, like a Lion, the King of the Jungle. You are talkative and king-like. This Sun may give wealth and may give fame.
Sun in Leo with Aries ascendent
You will receive public honor and be blessed with only one child, who will reach a high position in life.
The Sun occupying this sign greatly intensifies its impact. You are fired with an idealism which often epitomizes the Vedantic way of life. If supporting conditions are present, you will strive to realize this highest spiritual objective in the society around you. Such a stupendous task may be possible, due to your sharp intellect, enduring stamina, and through physical creativity, i.e. the birth of a son.
Sun in 5th House
The fifth house is a strong placement for the Sun. It focuses the intelligence more on learning than material gathering. Usually this limits or denies children. This is favorable for becoming a spiritualist and teaching same. Idealistic tendencies may surface. Sharp intellect, even cruelty to opponents may manifest. You may be inclined to study philosophy, alchemy, astrology, etc.
The Sun works on the consciousness aspect of life rather than on matter or form. Thus it ordinarily bestows only one son and does not help to make the individual rich. It will, however, make you intellectually bright. You may suffer on account of your first born son. Your mind is sharp. You are sometimes manipulative of others, and you enjoy amassing money. This is favorable for all matters of enterprising nature. The speculative interests are very keen and the capacity for enjoyment, very great.
Children are harmed by the Sun in the 5th. Either abortions, early loss, or problems from them arise. The exact type is not sure, but that some harm or trouble from or to the children is indicated by this Sun, so beware accordingly. Also, you like to roam in forests and hills, and your mind is very good, though you use it sometimes to cheat others. This Sun is good for learning. Second marriage is partially indicated by this placement also.
Sun in Lunar Mansion '10 Magha-2'
Moon in Taurus 4°14'20"
Loves pleasure, music and all that is beautiful, has friends, is noble, charitable, benevolent, strong, possessive, intuitive and sharp, loves chemistry or life sciences and products of the earth. Your Moon is exalted. You have a big heart, are very giving, libidinous, famous, shining, are more likely to have daughters, and have nice looking eyes. You will be large-hearted, short-haired, libidinous, famous, brilliant, be in a position to differentiate between good and bad, be happy during middle age and concluding parts of your life, will have a strong waist, feet, shoulders, face etc., will walk beautifully and be endowed with forbearance If the Moon is full and in a good house, benefic effects are sure to follow. If she is decreasing, then the results are proportionately less.
Moon in Taurus with Aries ascendent
The veil of illusion is cast over your life, engrossing you in those objects of sensual pleasure which are coveted in the physical world. But you are happy and satisfied with your wealth, status, property and sense of well-being.
Moon in 2nd House
The Moon in the second house makes you very talkative, prosperous, of sound body and have a very charming personality. You are romantic and find pleasure in other peoples company - ignoring your own spouse and family.
The second house stands for wealth, finance and hereditary position. Full Moon in this house bestows you with promising progeny and wealth. But, if it is dark or feeble, you may stammer, be poor and unwise.
You are sensitive to the changing Moon, have many friends and are soft spoken. You may suffer from poor digestion and loss of appetite. Dark or feeble Moon, despite of benefic aspect, causes loss of acquired or inherited property and obstructs earning and further acquisition of wealth.
You will enjoy incomparable happiness and friends and will be wealthy. You will be plentiful in wealth and grains, be physically sound, famous, and wise and spend your time joyously with the opposite sex,. You may lose money on account of your sisters and daughters.
Moon in Lunar Mansion '3 Krittika-3'
Your Ascendant or Moon is under the 3rd Nakshatra or star, which is called Krittika.
Physical features: Normally you are of middle stature. Your nose is prominent and your eyes sympathetic, the neck is thick and stout, you have a solidly built body with big shoulders and well-developed muscles, your countenance is peaceful and your behavior respectful. You have a commanding appearance. While you are on one hand very intelligent, on the other hand you cannot pursue any goal for long. In other words, you easily get bored with any particular thing and jump on another without knowing the pros and cons. You are capable of rendering good advice and telling others the solution for any problem. But in your own life, you spontaneously do what you think at a particular time.
You will discard any friendship, if that friendship questions your ego and freedom. But at the same time, you do not like to achieve name, fame and wealth through unfair means or through the mercy of others. Your needs or wants are not beyond reason, nor your accumulations always spectacular. Although your money making abilities are often phenomenal, your motivation however derives from an emphatic wish to remain free from obligations.
You cannot find fault in your own actions. Optimism followed with self-pride is one of your characteristics. You are determined to go ahead with great energy and show your stubborn and tenacious nature. Orthodoxy and monotheism are combined in you, i.e. while you are orthodox you do not believe in age old blind belief and customs. Persistent effort and hard work are your motto. You are eager to render some positive service to the world, but you cannot shine for long. You involve yourself in public life sincerely, but loss and failures are the ultimate outcome.
This drawback is attributable to a lack of ability to move according to the situation. You try to impose certain restrictions and control through self-assessment and modify them according to your sweet will.
Once a promise is made, it will be carried out at any cost. In public life you can attain name, fame and respect. Excess of sincerity will be the means of your downfall. Frustration starts hunting you even on small matters and leads you to outburst. Once you get heated up, subsequent steps will be dangerous. Hence you have to observe maximum mental balance and keep away the outbursting temperament.
Remarkable ability will be shown in arguments and counter arguments with reasoning. It is quite often seen that you will be bereft of truth and money, and undertake unnecessary travel. You are thankless and will utter cruel words. You will not stay in your home town. That means, your livelihood will be in foreign land. When I say foreign, it is not necessary that it should be a foreign country. Foreign land can mean a little away from the place where you were born.
Partnership business is not suitable. You derive benefits from the government. You could be an engineer, doctor, treasury department, draftsman. In case you are interested in business, you can derive maximum benefits from yarn export, medicines and decorative industries. A large legacy at any part of your life is awaiting you.
You are very slow in any work. Hence for success in life, you are advised to increase the speed while doing any work, as otherwise you may be dragged behind others.
You are generally lucky in married life. Your spouse will be expert in household administration, dedicated and devoted, faithful and virtuous. With all these plus points, health of the spouse will be a concern for you and/or circumstances may so be created that you have to quite often live separately. When I say separation, it may be due to work or ill health to either of the family members i.e., parents of the spouse etc. and not due to disharmony between the two of you.
While you have to confront many obstacles in various walks of life, you will be contended and lucky in the family field, where you enjoy the utmost satisfaction and peace. You are more attached to your mother than to your father. Among your siblings, you will enjoy more favor and love from the mother. While your father will be a pious and well-known person, you cannot enjoy comforts and benefits from him.
Your life up to 50 years of age will be full of trial and you have to face frequent changes in surroundings. However, period between 25 years and 35 years and between 50 years and 56 years will be very good. Love marriage is indicated to you. You have a good appetite but you cannot have a systematic food habit. Diseases to which you are prone to are dental problems, weak eye sight, tuberculosis, wind and piles, brain fever, accidents, wounds, malaria or cerebral meningitis. Whatever may be the condition of your health, whether good or bad, you are not afraid of any disease, nor are you are ready to observe the daily care of your health.
You are tall, clever, but poor.
Mars in Aquarius 7°50'25"
You are rational, impressive, forceful in speech, and witty. Sometimes illogical, but generous. Interest in science, occult literature and philosophy. Firm and inventive. Interest in engineering and technology, medicine and surgery. Charitable and helpful. Frankness invites foes. You are devoid of affection and purity, look like an old person, die a bad death, are spiteful, jealous, untruthful, of afflicted speech, lose your wealth, have a hairy body, lose money in gambling, are unsightly, have a miserable profession, are fond of intoxication and unfortunate.
Mars in Aquarius with Aries ascendent
When Mars occupies Aquarius in the Eleventh house you lead an active life, are financially well off but not rich, and psychologically are very calculating. Social hostility against you will be present and you will experience many setbacks in life. You will receive many opportunities for improving your lifestyle, but will generally miss them; however, you will get sudden lifts in your career. Some type of surgery is very possible.
Mars in 11th House
Whenever Mars occupies the eleventh house you invariably become rich and chivalrous. You attain a financial status much higher than that of your ancestors. You are determined to earn money, and achieve it through your own efforts. Such a person is self-made. You are a very able organizer and possess gold, rubies, and vehicles. Though self-discipline rules your life and you have very active habits, you may not rule out the possibility of occasional sexual escapades. You earn money through your own efforts and acquire a large circle of friends. Mars in the 11th makes the whole chart stronger, but is not good for children and enemies, as they both suffer under its influence. Your facial deformity developed during illness is accredited as a beauty mark conditioned by your financial position. You are acclaimed by adversaries. To conceal your wealth and guard against jealousy, you are shabbily dressed. You are invincible and get grief through children, and pleasure through wealth, land and conveyance. Gain through personal wealth only is indicated. You are talented, fortunate, gallant, modest and prosperous. You are blessed with gold, copper, coral, red livery, conveyances, government favors, happiness and respect. You are wealthy and blessed with sons. Mars in the 11th house promotes growth; you live on delicacies and are healthy and devoted to learned and angelic people. You are vocal, sexy, rich and gallant, learned and honest. Enemies become friends. You are God-fearing, benevolent, reputed, firm, sharp, and easily excited. If Mars is exalted or strong in this house, you are fortunate, charitable, and wealthy. You are fond of the opposite sex and music, dejected and inert. Danger comes from thieves and fire. You get wealth at age 24. You have to deal with troubles from sons and fibroids in the stomach. You are glorious like the Sun and prosperous like a king, which can develop in confidence also. Gains from travel, courage, fire or arms, gold, jewels, and trade in ornamental clothes of silk are indicated. You have attendants, are sexy, scholarly and lover of truth. The eleventh house denotes friends, but they may be unfaithful, and you experience loss and trouble through them. This denotes strife, hostility and deaths amongst them. Unpopularity. You tend to have healthy relations, if Mars in this house is well aspected. If other planets are afflicting or adverse, there is violation of friendship, treachery, litigation, wrong advice, financial loss through rashness, and overindulgence with them. If this Mars is in watery signs trouble through friend is indicated. If it is in fiery signs you gain through speculation, lottery, race, and game of chance. Mars in this house develops self-control. You are very industrious and wealthy and gain through your personal qualities.
Mars in Lunar Mansion '24 Shatabhisha-1'
You will be served and surrounded by bad association, which will cause you a great deal of worry. However, individually, you will have a good character, be respectable and generous-hearted. You will discharge your duties towards your family and will have large eyes.
Mercury in Virgo 2°04'21"
Your intelligence or deeper thinking capacity is very strong, giving you understanding of finer things, original thinking, retentive memory, and fondness for discussion and literature.
Mercury in Virgo with Aries ascendent
Few physical ailments arise, and you achieve recognition for learning. Colleagues, however, spread adverse rumors which are appropriately met in due course without causing any serious damage. The fatigue of constant traveling may exhaust you.
Mercury in 6th House
Mercury in the sixth completely upsets you physically and socially. You experience so many inner subjective changes that your physical relationships are subject to severe turbulence. Your mind is so stirred up that there is little social or psychological stability. You may be catapulted from abject poverty to regal splendor, but you cannot hold onto anything. There may be physical difficulties, sexual experimentation, and marital incompatibility leading to separation, divorce, or sexual abuse. But through all these vicissitudes, significant psychological transformation and a widening of awareness and great insight into life can be experienced. You may suffer from nervous breakdown and from ailments due to tension connected with work. You are oppressed by inferiors, and tend to be over-excited and rash. Afflictions to Mercury tend to ruin the health through anxiety. You are an energetic mental worker missing the best mental outlet for your energies. Gains from chemistry, writings, books or clerical work are indicated. You might suffer from dyspepsia and may exhibit many fads and fancies regarding diet. You may be inactive, ruthless, shattering the enemy and lose temper during discourse.
Mercury in Lunar Mansion '12 Uttara Phalguni-2'
You may be an accounts or finance executive or a teacher in the commerce subjects. You may earn as a writer of religious books, building contractor or civil engineer.
Jupiter in Scorpio 17°36'03"
Strong-willed, ambitious and persevering, overbearing, enjoying status and reputation with government or a social organization. Gains through investment, partner, litigation and minerals. Trouble through children, ill-health and water.
Jupiter in Scorpio with Aries ascendent
May suffer from blood poisoning.
You may be a pleasure seeker who will be able to acquire much property and will die after a prolonged illness.
Jupiter in 8th House
Jupiter in this position operates like a filter which permits past religious impulses to manifest only in terms of traditional belief systems. Consequently you become learned, industrious, and interested in the scriptural knowledge of your tradition and the higher values of life; you practice severe penance as well as arduous rituals.
Nonetheless, the desire for sexual union drives you to marriage, possibly with widowed partners, or with 'religious' people. The spouse may come from a religious concern. Fame and prosperity, patrimony or legacy are indicated. This Jupiter is responsible for imprisonment due to strife.
Occupations indicated by your Jupiter: brokerage, occultism, dream psychology. Also, you might experience a peaceful and natural death. This placement denotes fortune, effluence, happiness and wealth. You might always feel sickly or be ailing, your residence and body are not stable and stationary for long, and do not live long in the house of the father.
Life hereafter is in heaven. You have longevity, but impaired health. You maintain the family traditions and culture, are steady and well-formed, average and low, intelligent, servile, fickle, gloomy, irrational, immodest, inert and lean. You visit the best pilgrim places. Imprisonment may occur, or the feeling of it.
Jupiter in Lunar Mansion '18 Jyeshtha-1'
Venus in Gemini 21°45'17"
Your Venus, being in Gemini, gives name and fame through science, art, literature, composition of poetry and drama. You are intuitive, ingenious, humorous, get income through varied sources. This placement is conducive to mental growth. You are amicable and friendly, but unfaithful in love affairs.
Venus in Gemini with Aries ascendent
You may be controlled by your spouse, who also controls the money. Your prime interest in life is to enjoy the company of cultured people and spend money frivolously on them.
Venus in 3rd House
Venus in the third house causes you to be overly materialistic and makes you very attracted to the finer material enjoyments in life. You will have the ability to express things eloquently, though your inner feelings may not be able to come out through your speech. Watch for throat troubles, especially in Venus ruled periods.
Regarding your marriage(s), there is a tendency to have various problems, such as delays, struggles, more than one marriage, marrying a previously married person, separation, economic troubles after separation etc. You like older spouses. You may have a marriage later in life, after the first marriage ends somehow. Members of the opposite gender are apprehensive towards you. You gain even while traveling for pleasure, and you have favorable relatives from whom you also gain. You like correspondence and dignified social affairs.
You may not have so much intimacy with the opposite sex, but may rather see them as friends instead of intimates. You like your relatives and friends much, and you support some dependents. You don't so much like to donate to religious circles, and sometimes in battles you shrink away from the challenge.
Your Venus makes you somewhat fascinated and overpowered by the spouse. You are surrounded by relatives, friends and sisters or female friends or associates. You are enthusiastic and successful at business, though sometimes too sharp and cunning. A careful speaker, well-groomed, recognized by government and dignified. You have developed tastes regarding fine arts and aesthetic matters, are bright, optimistic, peaceful, balanced and productive and have a mature mind
Venus in Lunar Mansion '7 Punarvasu-1'
You will be a pillar of your community and be blessed with many material opulences, nice clothes, and good food.
Saturn in Libra 5°06'47"
Gains through travel and foreign countries. Gentle, soft, learned, philanthropic, recognized by the community, much intellectual exercises, broken home, attachment to prostitutes. Good for doctors and lawyers and any other profession also.
Saturn in Libra with Aries ascendent
Good partner, but poor financial position. Is fond of good food and has strong desires.
Saturn forms a combination of power and leadership in the community, it also causes mental anxiety. Amorous proclivities and basic expectations from marriage are both restricted - you receive little of the warmth of life. You crave that warmth, as well as sexual satisfaction, but remain a lonely person, bereft of all that makes life emotionally full and satisfying.
Saturn in 7th House
Saturn in this position is not very conducive to happy married life. You marry late, the partner comes from a financially troubled background, is very much controlled by some authority or stricture, and you do not follow an ethical code of conduct.
There is much animosity between you, your spouse, and associates. You are denied a charming partner. You will have faithful and helpful friends and wealth for a long time. You are susceptible to sickness and diseases and both you and your spouse tend to fall ill often or your spouse is ailing. You are unhappy, in want of enthusiasm, and feel small and nervous. You may be debauch, surrounded by wicked friends, and get wealth through fraud and dishonest means. You are greedy, strong, craving, agitated, deceitful, apathetic, lean, of restless mind and few words, dependent, unemployed, unsociable, unfortunate in respect to spouse, home and wealth. You are slighted by the opposite sex.
This Saturn indicates late marriage with a steady, faithful, industrious, careful, thrifty and practical partner, or one older, sober and wealthy. Loss of wealth through contracts, partnership, opponents, litigation, business enmities and treachery is indicated. Marriage takes place about or after age 28. You and your partner may not be like-minded and both of you are unsound of body and mind.
Saturn in Lunar Mansion '14 Chitra-4'
You will be famous, respected by communities and wealthy. Honor and respect come to you without asking. You will get an unexpected boost in your professional field.
Rahu in Leo 0°09'07"
Rahu in Leo with Aries ascendent
You may be inclined to thieving, smuggling, and bad habits. You will not be much interested in studies, and will be unlucky in regards to children.
Rahu in 5th House
Your creativity has a strange or foreign aura; not bad, but deep and unusual. Your writing for example, is so deep that others get somewhat absorbed in it. You have a very easy time understanding the lower levels of society, the seedy, the underworld, the poor, the distressed - this is an area where you move easily. You are deeply interested in liberation from material entanglement and expert in understanding the inner meaning of things, in other words, you have insight.
During the periods ruled by Rahu, you will experience gains and success. Your spouse will sometimes exhibit a short temper and have stomach problems. Watch out for your own difficulties with the heart and lungs. You will probably have at least one son. You worry much, and have few friends. Your first child may pose some difficulty.
During Rahu ruled periods, watch for indigestion and excess bile. Also, this Rahu brings you into association with the downtrodden of society and it makes you mentally sharp. Your son(s), if any, should watch out for snakes and danger while in the country.
Rahu in Lunar Mansion '10 Magha-1'
You will be born in a good family, and be endowed with wealth and other comforts.
Ketu in Aquarius 0°09'07"
Ketu in Aquarius with Aries ascendent
You can be impulsive, generous, and philosophical. You will be interested in occultism and may achieve much success in its practice.
Ketu in 11th House
Ketu gives you the strengths of being learned, well dressed, and attractive. However, you have something in your nature that is not straight, perhaps some unbecoming private attachment that you have yet to overcome. You are considered powerful in society, but you have an unknown fear nagging at your mind. Success and gain come from all sources.
You are very fortunate, learned, handsome, strongly built, well-dressed and very glorious. Your off-spring is unfortunate and suffers from fear and danger. You are reputed, charming, of a happy-go-lucky nature, own house and property, are affluent, generous, and skilled in aesthetics and archery. You are sweet, pleasant, humorous, learned, prosperous, imposing, and fortunate with jewelry, dress and ornaments. Ailments of rectum, and tension are indicated.
You are generous, kind, popular, fond of literature, contended, and respected by leader types. At times you will have undesirable associates, miss good opportunities, suffer unfulfilled hopes, and bad friends giving bad advice. Look to Ketu ruled periods for some of these negative effects.
Ketu in Lunar Mansion '23 Dhanishtha-3'
There may be theft in your house.
Uranus in Aquarius 27°33'02"
Uranus in Aquarius with Aries ascendent
Uranus in 11th House
Uranus in Lunar Mansion '25 Purva Bhadrapada-3'
Neptune in Cancer 27°39'01"
Neptune in Cancer with Aries ascendent
Neptune in 4th House
Neptune in Lunar Mansion '9 Ashlesha-4'
Pluto in Gemini 20°13'36"
Pluto in Gemini with Aries ascendent
Pluto in 3rd House
Pluto in Lunar Mansion '7 Punarvasu-1'